Charles Hoskinson, the founder of Cardano (ADA), recently outlined a plan to make the Cardano blockchain resistant to attacks from future quantum computers. This is a big deal because powerful quantum computers could break current encryption methods.
The Quantum Computing Threat
Hoskinson highlighted the rapid advancements in quantum computing, predicting significant progress within the next 5-10 years. He pointed to the US government’s recent release of post-quantum cryptography standards as further evidence of this growing threat. These standards aim to create encryption methods that can withstand attacks from quantum computers. Currently, Cardano, like most blockchains, relies on encryption methods vulnerable to Shor’s algorithm, which quantum computers can use to break them. Simply swapping out one encryption method for another isn’t enough; a comprehensive security overhaul is needed.
Cardano’s Three-Phase Quantum Resistance Plan
Hoskinson proposed a three-phase plan to secure Cardano against quantum threats:
Phase 1: Building a Quantum-Secure Model
The first step involves a thorough audit of all Cardano’s algorithms to identify and fix vulnerabilities that a future quantum computer could exploit. This requires defining exactly what capabilities a quantum adversary might possess, a topic with ongoing debate in the cryptography community.
Phase 2: The Two-Chain Approach
Next, Cardano will be split into two chains: the main chain and a separate “proof chain.” This proof chain will act as an immutable audit log of the main chain’s history, ensuring its integrity. Existing Cardano technology like Mithril, along with newer innovations like lattice fold plus, will be used to build this secure secondary chain. This approach allows for a gradual transition without disrupting the main chain’s functionality.
Phase 3: Full Integration
Finally, once post-quantum cryptography becomes more efficient and receives better hardware support, the two chains will be merged. This will involve a significant redesign of Cardano’s core protocols, potentially changing its underlying data structures. While post-quantum algorithms are currently slower and produce larger signatures, Hoskinson is optimistic that specialized hardware will address these performance issues.
The Long Game
Hoskinson emphasized that this is a long-term project, spanning several years:
- 2025-2026: Research and define Cardano’s quantum security model.
- Mid-term (2-3 years): Develop the post-quantum proof chain.
- Long-term (3+ years): Merge the chains and fully integrate post-quantum cryptography.
He stressed the importance of collaboration within the Cardano community and with leading cryptographers worldwide to achieve this goal. The ultimate aim is to ensure Cardano’s long-term security in the face of evolving computing technology. It’s a continuous process, acknowledging that no cryptographic system is ever truly unbreakable.
